Gemology, the science dedicated to the study of gemstones, became firmly established over the last century thanks to the groundbreaking work of researchers who laid the foundation for gemstone identification, grading, and trade worldwide. From makeshift labs to world-renowned institutions, these experts transformed what was once a craft into a recognized scientific discipline.
Early Steps and Institutionalization
While the fascination with gemstones dates back to ancient civilizations, structured teaching only began in the 20th century. The founding of the Gemmological Association of Great Britain in 1908 and, later, the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) in 1931 marked the beginning of formal gemology courses. These institutions standardized analytical methods and trained professionals to distinguish natural gemstones from synthetic ones.
Among the early pioneers, René-Just Haüy stands out. In the 18th century, while studying calcite crystals, he laid the foundations of crystallography—essential for identifying gemstones through their internal structure. Another key figure, George Frederick Kunz, joined Tiffany & Co. at just 23 years old, bringing gemology into the jewelry retail world. He also named well-known varieties such as kunzite and morganite.
Tools, Scales, and Breakthrough Discoveries
In the decades that followed, analytical precision advanced significantly. Richard T. Liddicoat, director of the GIA, introduced the 4Cs grading system (color, clarity, cut, and carat weight) in 1953—a standard still used worldwide for diamond evaluation. Meanwhile, Eduard Josef Gübelin cataloged microscopic inclusions, demonstrating how they reveal both the origin and treatments of gemstones.
